CHAPTER 1 DADD.

• DATA:consists of facts,text,graphic&figure that can be recorded& that have implicit meaning
•    INFORMATION:data that have been processed&being made to be useful for user or decision makers.

a)DATA HIERARCHY.

• for the data hierarchy ,perfomed from top-down& the left to right.
• eg:student node first then follow by these nodes
• names,ic,age,student id,adderess,college-branch.

b)DATA HIERARCHY IN A DATABASE SYSTEM.

• BITS-BYTES-FIELDS-RECORDS-FILES-DATABASE.
• EG:

1. BITS:0 (OFF) OR 1 (ON).
2. BYTES:letter,dgit /8 bits=1 bytes.
3. FIELD:character (bytes)., column of data,contains the same type of data item.
4. RECORDED: full set of data in the row,name,address of a person.
5. FILES:collection of relation recorded.
6. DATABASE:collection of related filer or table.

• DATA TYPE.

1. TEXT:text field can be from 1 to 255 character ling.
2. NUMBER: *INTEGER:a two-byte whole number from-32,768 to 32,767. EG:0,+1,-1.
3. *REAL:decimal places. EG:1.5cm,48.4kg,RM20.10,36.7.
4. BOOLEAN:2 bytes true or false.
5. CURRENCY:dolar sing are automatically added. EG:$2000.00
6. DATE/TIME: for the year 100 throug 9999.

• TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING.

1. PERSONAL DEPT= employer.
2. SALE DEPT=customer.
3. ACCOUNTING DEPT=sales.

• DISADVANTAGE OF FILE BASED APPROACH.

1. DUPLICATION OF DATA: some data is help by different program 7 stored in several location.

• DATA INTEGRITY PROBLEM: files are stored within each application program that access  a given that.
• LIMITED DATA SHARING: private files   7 user have little opportunity to share data outside their own application.

DEFINITION OF DATA BASE.

collection of related data,design to meet the information needed in an organization and stores it in one specific.

DEFINITION OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DBMS).

DBMS is a collection of programs that enable user to create and maintain a database in an organization & stores it in one specific location.

• USER--> APPLICATION-->DBMS---> student database,lect database, greed database.

ADVANTAGE OF DATABASE APPROACH.

a) minimal data redundancy.

b) sharing of data.

c)economy in distributing database.

d) improved data consistency.

EVOLUTION OF DATABASE.

a)1960 s= traditional files.

b)1970 s= hierarchical / network

c)1980 s=relational.

d)1990s = object oriented / object relational.

d)2000s = data mining / data warehousing.

a)1960 :file processing system were still dominat during his period. 

b)1970 : * HIERARCHICAL DBMS MODEL; 

it was use commonly for business information.

    *NETWORK DBMS MODEL.

it use physical file pointer to model the relations between files.

   *RELATIONS DBMS MODEL.

it was introduction by E.F CODD and other.

c)1980 : RELATIONAL MODEL(by E.F. CODD,1970)

become the second generation of DBMS.

d)1990 :OBJECT-RELATIONAL DATABASE(ORDB)

due to the advancement of the client 7 internet computing technology &the popularity of the multimedia data.

e)2000 :THE data warehouse, THE universal server, THE distributes database, THE content-appreciable storage, COMBINATION of database &other technology.




CHAPTER 2.

• Step open Microsoft Access 2003.
• Create database,name database,location database.
• Create table in design,field name,data type,field size,list all field properties.
• description,add primary key,insert delete row,data sheet view.
• design  view and show to highlight row.
• Create table  using wizard,personal.
• ><
• finish.
• :):):):)